Why Misfits Is An American Serial Killer - 1379 Words

A Misfit could be described as an individual who doesn’t seem to fit into any social group. A person of such features could be labeled as an introvert, shy, depressed, miserable but usually clever and mature. The reason why Misfits are usually intelligent or clever is because can be perceived as imaginative, reasonable and understanding; however, they always care more about themselves and fail to envision the lives from different perspectives. They perceive themselves as unique and disappointed with all those around them. One good example of a recent Misfit was an American serial killer, Theodore Robert Bundy, who assaulted and murdered numerous young women and girls during the 1970s. While injuring and murdering his victims, Theodore didn’t bother to envision life from the perspective of his victims. At a court trial on January, 1989, Theodore or Ted, was once acknowledged calling himself, â€Å"...the most cold-hearted son of a bitch you’ll ever meet† (M ichaud, 1999). This reveals how ruthless and hard-hearted Ted was. Other characters of Misfits could also be acknowledged in many different stories or poems. Some instances of the Misfit could be found in Emily from the story â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† and the father in the poem â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz.† Emily and the father share the same aspects of behavior and frame of mind when dealing with social encounters. â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is a short story written by an American author, William Faulkner, who centers the story around a character namedShow MoreRelatedSerial Killers, By Flannery O Connor1209 Words   |  5 Pagesable to shoot, bludgeon, or torture a whole family and then sleep peacefully just hours after. Serial Killers have piqued the American public’s interest for generations. In the 1970s, for example, America was enthralled by the danger and fear of Ted Bundy and John Wayne Gacy, famous serial killers who killed a combined number of over a hundred people. Following suit of the popularity of serial killers, they have become ingrained in our culture through art, books, news, talk-shows, and movies. A famousRead More Delivering Moral Messages in Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been and A Good Man is Hard to Find1516 Words   |  7 Pagescharacters, a name can say a lot. Arnold Friend’s name can be interpreted as â€Å"aren’t no friend† or â€Å"A. Friend† (Johnson 150). Either way his is a demonic figure that represents the death of Connie’s spirit. In fact, Arnold Friend is based on a serial killer know as â€Å"The Pied Piper of Tucson.† As Oates reports, this â€Å"tabloid psychopath† specialized in â€Å"the seduction and occasional murder of teenage girls† (Wesley). The Pied Piper was in his thirties; yet, he managed to counterfeit teenage dress, talkRead More Flannery OConnors Use of Religious Allegory Essay2383 Words   |  10 Pagesconclusive that the world is governed by inevitable predestination or evil incorporated, though. A deeper meaning needs to be discovered in the text. The most astonishing passages in the story are those when the Grandmother is left face to face with the Misfit and they both discuss serious religious matters. But at the same time it is the most significant passage, for, despite its complexity, is a fine and concise message that O’Connor wis hes to put forward. However odd it may seem, the story about theRead MoreDifferences Between Northern and Southern Writers3020 Words   |  13 PagesThe Differences Between This paper is about four different American authors. Two are from the American South and two are from the American North. Their different styles of writing American literature stories are quite obvious. A goal is to point out the differences in these stories and what drove these authors to write these stories. Each region of our country has its own set of values that are unique to that section of the country. These values influence the characteristics of the life and theRead MoreHoly Spirit and Grandmother7600 Words   |  31 Pagesawakening.†Awakening is a religious word. The Great Awakening was an American Religious movement. | 115 | | A Good Man is Hard to Find | | East Tennessee | The Grandmother did not want to go to Florida. She wanted to go to East Tennessee, the more boring end. | 117 | Grandmother | The whole story is based on two characters, the Misfit and the Grandmother. Many can argue the Grandmother was more of a Misfit than the actual Misfit himself because of her arrogant, artificial, and disrespectful ways

The Beauty Of My Dreams - 887 Words

Believe in the Beauty of Your Dreams Few things are capable of making me feel beautiful, and that along with finding a sense of my self-worth have been a struggle of mine for the majority of my life. There have been many trials and errors, but feeling beautiful and finding my self-worth have been beginning to clear up. This was when I met my fiancà ©, my best friend and soul mate, Jacob. Meeting Jacob, going to college, and furthering my life with him have helped me experience gain my self-worth over time. Meeting Jacob has changed my life tremendously. We are the kind of couple that you would never expect to be together. When Jacob walked into my life I was in the darkest and lowest point in my life. All of the friends I thought I had turned into acquaintances. At the time I doubted myself and my career as a hair stylist. The day I met Jacob, everything changed. He wanted to be my friend even though I pushed him away. I felt as if the friends I had did not want to pull me out of my dark place, and then he would not be the one to do it. I assumed he would give up like all of my other friends had. Jacob did the impossible; he opened me up and befriended me. Financially, I have been struggling for quite some time. After only knowing each other for one short month, I asked him to move in with me. Asking Jacob to move in was one of the best questions I have ever asked someone before. We were friends at first, we then became best friends, and after less than a month of him movingShow MoreRelatedThe Quest for the Ideal813 Words   |  3 Pagesunthinkable. It is elusive and complicated on many degrees. Lady of Shalott by Alfred Tennyson, The woman I am in my dreams by Maxime Tynes and Chicken Hips by Catherine Pigott provide a realistic perspective of how beauty shapes the literal and the present world by utilizing rhetorical devices such as (allegory, anaphor and tone.) 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The truest form of beauty remains the untouchedRead MoreBeauty and Evil Are Never Far Apart in Keatss Poetry† How Far Do You Agree with This View?1490 Words   |  6 PagesBeauty and Evil are never far apart in Keatss poetry† how far do you agree with this view? â€Å"She seem’d, at once, some penanced lady elf, Some demon’s mistress, or the demon’s self.† Beauty and evil cannot come much closer than when being in the same quote, and much of Keats’s work is pockmarked with references to these two seemingly unrelated conditions, and I feel is notable, if not key, to much of Keats’s work. In a way it could be said to symbolise Keats’s â€Å"bitter-sweet melancholy†; the ideaRead MoreParadise Of The Blind, By Duong Thu1448 Words   |  6 Pagesinstilling a bitterness in Hang that taints her. This bitterness - more of a mourning for her own childhood - exposes itself through Hang’s reflections on the beauty of nature. In her journey, Hang encounters a wide variety of natural landscapes, some beautiful and some foul. Regardless of the country or city, when Hang experiences the ethereal beauty, it has a profound impact on her state of mind. Many times, nature is what serves as a trigger for Hang’s flashbacks to her unfortunate childhood. The crudeRead More Music and Poetry1695 Words   |  7 Pag esand affectation. His poems set the stage for John Keats, a central figure in early 19th century Romanticism. The fundamental themes in the works of both poets include: the beauty of nature; the consanguinity of dreams/visions and reality and yet the tendency of dreams to mask reality; the intense emotions brought about by beauty and/or suffering; and the transience of both sensation and human life. Although William Wordsworth and John Keats wrote poetry with entirely different senses of purpose,Read MoreThe Monster’s Birth in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay727 Words   |  3 Pageswith its first breath. 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Corporate Social Responsibility Perceptions †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the .Corporate Social Responsibility Perceptions Answer: Introduction The report is based on certain theories of corporate social responsibilities. Corporate social responsibility can be termed as responsible business and the main object of this policy is to monitor the business mechanism and maintained the standard of business within the sphere of law (Brown, 2013). The process includes certain standard of statutory requirements and engaged the companies to act for the benefit of the society. It has been stated by the policy that every company should have to do certain works from that the society can be benefitted and the main theme of the policy is based on this fact. However, the acts of the companies should be performed within the purview of law. The policy has given certain options to the labour organisation so that they can take part to this noble action and understand the socio-political issues of the company (Cheng, Ioannou, Serafeim, 2014). In recent times, it has been observed that the companies are suffered gender discrimination and recruit ment of disabled workers. Sexual abuse in the workplace or irregularity in the payment of wages are also burning topic in the companies and these affected the social and personal life of the workers. Corporate social responsibilities are restricting the power of the corporation and act as a guide to the companies (Crane, Matten Spence, 2013). It regulates certain business ethics and for the betterment of the company. According to the view of the political economists, this policy can secure the interest of the stakeholders and will help to manage the enterprises by strategic and ethical point of view. Milton Friedman had stated that the ultimate goal of the corporation is to ensure profit for the interest of the shareholders. Reverend Freeman concentrated on the ethical promises of a business. This report has been discussed the theories and critically analyse all the necessary concepts to come into a conclusion regarding the motto and objective of the corporate social responsibiliti es (Hombert et al., 2014). Therefore, it has been notified that the main theme of this report is to discuss the importance of the corporate social responsibilities. This matter can well be understood by point out the purposes of policy that has been mentioned by several theories and it should be analysed critically (Kelman et al. 2014). It has been pointed out by several economists that the purpose of the companies are not only to be a profit making machine, they have certain contribution towards the society and the environment as well. According to Jobber Chadwick, the companies should be responsible for the operations so that it could not affect the society and the environment (Korschun, Bhattacharya, Swain, 2014). Carroll has extended the sphere of corporate social responsibility by including the ethical responsibilities within the policy in his book published in the year 1991. Based on his theory, the business dictionary has pointed out the four pillars of the policy such as economic, ethical, philanthrop ic and legal responsibilities. On the other hand, Epstein Reeves stated that the companies should take care of the social responsibilities as they are taking care of the interest of the consumers. Somerville was of the opinion to invest the companies in certain charity work. Therefore, as per the above noted views, the main aim of the companies should not be earning profit only. However, Milton Freidman has described the policy of corporate social responsibility as a method of sustainability (Friedman, 2016). It has been stated by him that the companies should gain the resource for the increment of profit and should regulate their business policies in a systematic way. The company should not adopt any fraudulent way to gain profit. He has taken certain approach towards the interest of the shareholders. As per his view, the companies are only responsible for the shareholders and they should have to remain responsible for securing their interest. Another approach regarding the purpose of the corporate social responsibility has been described by Edward Freeman. He emphasised the theory of stakeholders interest (Freeman, Herriges, Kling, 2014). It has been mentioned by him that the company should take care of the stakeholders and it should operate their policies within the sphere of ethical promises. It has been stated him ethics are important as they are based on the moral judgment. Decisions are playing an important role to draw the culture of the company. Therefore, as per his opinion, the only social responsibility of the companies is to maintain an ethical promise for the betterment of the stakeholders and the company as well (Pedersen, 2015). Apart from the above noted theories, there are certain other theories that can be proved fruitful to come into the conclusion regarding the original purpose of the companies relating to the social responsibilities. Jensen was of the view that it is important to maximise the values of the firm and ensure the wealth of the shareholders (Jensen, 2017). His theory is based on the modern managerial economics and in his words value maximisation depends on the ethical responsibilities. Another approach has been made by John Boatright where he has stated about the equity argument regarding the stakeholders. He has provided certain possible relationship within the managers and the shareholders. He examines the theories of fiduciary duties and the stakeholders theory. The term corporate social responsibility is circled with the idea of benefit of the society. It is a self-regulatory body that works within a schedule and implement certain requirements for the development of the society as well as the benefit of the firm. It has been pointed out that a company can be produced high quality goods if it acts as a social responsible company. It has been observed that the most common base of the corporate social responsibility is philanthropy (Salibet al., 2015). The policy includes certain monetary donation for the benefit of the society. There are certain approaches to define the objective of the policy. The first part of the theory describes the social welfare and the environment based contents of the theory whereas another approach of the theory concentrates on the operational area of the company. It has been stated that the competitive approach regarding the society is based on the equal opportunity of the philanthropic view (Suliman et al., 2016). According to the view of the corporate social responsibility, the company should based on the strategy and the plan should have to support the strategic management of the society and the company. Bueble has mentioned certain effects of the corporate social responsibility thatb can be categorised as follows: As per the view, there can be an increment regarding the loyalty of the employees can be observed. There is a leaning mentality over the litigation process has been observed in this cases in the company. It can be reduced if the companies are taking the policies over the litigation process. It has been observed by the other researchers of the political arena that CSR policies can help to increase the standard of the employees and it can also be stated that brand value of the company can be increased and due to the policy, the reputation of the company can be published everywhere (Tai Chuang, 2014). It has been observed that the term corporate social responsibility that is active amongst a variety of corporations and its stakeholders could give to the macroeconomic progress of a developing country through sustainable profit to all. It also has created certain optimum national impact, cooperation, and message would be optimistic and socialized. There are certain theories that can define the character and purpose of the policy in a better way. These theories will help to understand the motive of the corporation towards the shareholders. It was the opinion of Friedman that the company is at all the time responsible to the shareholders only and it has no other responsibility or impact on the society (Friedman, 2016). The main reason of the theory is that the shareholders are taking all the risks for the benefit of the company and therefore, the company should have to remain responsible to ensure the interest of the shareholders. According to the theory of Friedman, the companies are gaining profit by the assistance of the shareholders and it is the duty of the company to share certain portions of the profit with the shareholders. He has mentioned about this concept in his bookCapitalism and Freedom. He has mentioned the term totalitaniarism in his book. This situation occurred when the companies are focusing on the community and not on the profit making policies (Poussenkova et al. 2016). In the book, Friedman writes: "There is one and only one social responsibility of business to use its resources and employ the same in activities intended to enhance its profits. The theory of Friedman is suffered from certain arguments and it has been stated by the critics that the stockholders theory is not appropriate regarding the policies taken or the society. There are several instances where it can found that the companies are engaging themselves in certain social job and it has also been observed that they are donating money for the under-developed classes, or the disaster affected people or for the education purpose. These can be treated as the corporate social responsibility (Tran, 2018). A company should not involve or promised to the shareholders only and therefore, the theory of Freidman proved wrong. In the words of Somerville, a company should have to develop its social aspect with ethical intention. The Friedman doctrine is controversial. Naomi Klein, in her bookThe Shock Doctrine, mentioned that the corporal giants are engaging themselves in a profit-making machine, while most of the members of the society are suffering from poverty. Professor Rudy Rummel demonstrates the nations or neighbourhood with blond rules, moderately imposed upon all people in spite of political situation, are greater in imperative human method. Rummel's work supports liberal democracy, which is essential for the second circumstance of Friedmans stockholder theory play by the rules, is far better in terms of human advancement, GDP/capita, and lowering poverty. These circumstances of fairness entail democracy and private assets according to Rummel. Another theorist regarding the policy is Edward Freeman. In his words, the most important threat is the economic threat and that can be reduced by the enhancement of the business. If a company enhanced, more people will be employed and their life could be better with the remuneration they will get from the company (Freeman, Herriges, Kling, 2014). The most frequent assembly of stakeholders in a publicly traded company is the board of directors, which consists of high-ranking executives and infrequent outsiders who clutch large amounts of equity or share in the company. They are known as the shareholders. These stakeholders have the power to upset decisions or introduce innovative information to the company. The board of directors has the power to appoint all levels of senior management - including the CEO and remove them if necessary. There is a leaning mentality of the board of directors in a more "hands off" approach to controlling a company. However, some stakeholders favour the "hands on" approach by directly assuming management positions. In a company, the shareholders are playing an important part. Stakeholders can take over certain departments - such as human resources or research and development and manage the business and assure success. In both the privately owned and publicly traded companies, large investors often directly take part in business decisions on the administration level. Therefore, the companies should have to take responsibility to the shareholders. Without the effort of the stakeholders, the internal growth of a company is not possible and the idea of Freeman is based on this fact (Tran, 2018). He thought that the companies should maintain certain ethical behaviour to the shareholders. He was also of the view that the corporate social responsibility can fetch major reimbursement to a business. For instance, they may: be a magnet for customers to the firms commodities, which means boosting sales and profits; Make employees want to stay with the business, diminish labour earnings and therefore boost productivity; draw more employees urging to work for the business, decrease employment costs and enable the company to get the most talented employees; Attract investors and keep the companys share price lofty, thereby protecting the business from takeover. The newly appointed employees made a promise to work in an ethical and responsible manner by allowing the investors peace of intelligence that their money is being used in a way that organize with their own ethical standing. When working for a company with strong business ethics, employees are comfy in the facts that they are not by their own exploit allowing unprincipled practices to continue. A company that chalk out plans to work within its own ethical strategy is also less at risk of being fined for meagre behaviour, and less likely to find themselves in breach of one of a large number of laws relating to necessary performance (Wagner, Lutz, Weitz, 2013). As per Freeman, reputation is one of a companys most essential assets, and one of the most tricky to rebuild should it be lost. Maintaining the promises it has made is crucial to maintaining that reputation. Businesses not following any kind of ethical code or carrying out their social responsibility leads to wider cost. Unethical behaviour may damage a firms reputation and make it less attractive to stakeholders. This means that profits could fall as a result. Therefore, ethics is important to businesses for many reasons. Businesses can augment sales or their reputation (Takkar, 2015). The second main view about the proper ends of corporate governance is given by stakeholder theory. This theory was first forwarded by Freeman in the 1980s and then advanced by Freeman and various partners over the next 30 years. According to stakeholder theory or early formulations of the theory, managing the firm in the best interests of shareholders only, managers should seek to balance the interests of all stakeholders, where a stakeholder is anyone who has a stake, or interest (including a financial interest), in the firm. This theory is also faced certain critiques and it has been observed that the stakeholder theory insufficiently uttered and feebly defended. With respect to expression, one question that has been pressed is: Who are the stakeholders (Waldman Jensen, 2016). The groups most commonly recognized are shareholders, employees, the community, suppliers, and customers. However, other groups have also stakes in the firm, including creditors, the government, and competitors. It makes an immense deal of difference where the line is drawn. With respect to defence, critics have stunned what the rationale for managing firms in the interests of all stakeholders is. In one place, Freeman (1984) offers an instrumental argument for his view, claiming that balancing stakeholders welfare is better for the firm strategically than maximize shareholder prosperity. In another, he provides an disagreement that appeals to Rawlss justice as equality (Poussenkova et al. 2016). In recent years, questions have been put on about whether stakeholder theory is appropriately seen as a authentic contestant to shareholder ascendancy, or is even appropriately called a theory. In one article, Freeman and collaborators say that stakeholder theory is simply the body of research, in which the idea of stakeholders plays a crucial role. In another, Freeman describes stakeholder theory as a genre of stories about how we could live. Norman (2013) had tried to define, that stakeholder is now best regarded as mindset for the companies, i.e., a way of looking at the firm that emphasizes its embedded in a network of relationships. I has been stated by Jensen that value of the firm is measured by manipulative current value of cost flows of proceeds of the firm over a number of years in the future (Jensen, 2017). To do so profits of future years must be inexpensive because money value or a rupee of profit in a future year is worth less in place of a rupee of profit in the present. Therefore, the value of the firm or shareholders wealth is given by the present value of all expected future profits of the firm. Therefore, the corporations should take reasonable care to the shareholders. As per this theory, it can be stated that there should be certain prospects of the equity arguments. It has been mentioned by him that there should not be any discrimination between the manager and the employees. He has been stated all the rights and the wrong facts of the corporate social responsibility (Tran, 2018). However, it can be argued that the main theory regarding CSR is to act for the benefit of the society. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be stated that many authors have stated about the nature and purpose of the corporate social responsibility (Zentes, Morschett Schramm-Klein, 2017). It has been observed by Freidman that the only social responsibility of the companies is towards their shareholders. On the other hand, Freeman was of the view that the companies should maintain certain ethical aspect regards to their operations. Many other theories have been propounded on later occasion. However, it can be stated that the corporate responsibility means all the responsibilities that can have direct effect on the society. Reference: Brown, D. H. (2013). Corporate social responsibility. (Brown, 2013) Cheng, B., Ioannou, I., Serafeim, G. (2014). Corporate social responsibility and access to finance.Strategic Management Journal,35(1), 1-23. (Cheng, Ioannou Serafeim, 2014) Crane, A., Matten, D., Spence, L. J. (2013). Corporate social responsibility in a global context. (Crane, Matten Spence, 2013) Freeman III, A. M., Herriges, J. A., Kling, C. L. (2014).The measurement of environmental and resource values: theory and methods. Routledge. (Freeman III, Herriges Kling, 2014) Friedman, M. (2016).A theory of the consumption function. Pickle Partners Publishing. (Friedman, 2016) Hombert, J., Thesmar, D., Tahoun, A., Piotroski, J. D., Zhang, T., Lim, J., ... Weisbach, M. S. (2014). Using the firm-level corporate social responsibility (CSR) ratings of Kinder, Lydenberg, Domini, we find that firms score higher on CSR when they have Democratic rather than Republican founders, CEOs, and directors, and when they are headquartered in Democratic rather than Republican-leaning states. Democratic-leaning firms spend $20 million more on CSR than Republican-leaning firms ($80 million more...Journal of Financial Economics,111(1), 158-180. (Hombert et al. 2014) Jensen, K. B. (2017).Theory of Communication and Justice. Routledge. (Jensen, 2017) Kelman, I., Loe, J. S. P., Rowe, E. W., Wilson, E., Fjrtoft, D. B., Poussenkova, N., Nikitina, E. (2016). Corporate Social Responsibility. (Kelman et al. 2016) Korschun, D., Bhattacharya, C. B., Swain, S. D. (2014). Corporate social responsibility, customer orientation, and the job performance of frontline employees.Journal of Marketing,78(3), 20-37. (Korschun, Bhattacharya Swain, 2014) Lins, K. V., Servaes, H., Tamayo, A. (2017). Social capital, trust, and firm performance: The value of corporate social responsibility during the financial crisis.The Journal of Finance. (Lins, Servaes Tamayo, 2017) Pedersen, E. R. G. (Ed.). (2015).Corporate social responsibility. Sage. (Pedersen, 2015) Poussenkova, N., Nikitina, E., Loe, J. S., Rowe, E. W., Wilson, E., Fjaertoft, D. (2016). Corporate social responsibility. (Poussenkova et al. 2016) Reider-Gordon, M., Funk, T. M., Ewelukwa, U., Feldman, I. (2013). Corporate social responsibility.Int'l Law.,47, 183. (Reider-Gordon et al. 2013) Salib, J., Sun, D., Wu, J., Wen, X., Huang, C. C. (2015). Corporate Social Responsibility. (Salib et al. 2015) Schreck, P. (2013). Nonfinancial disclosure and analyst forecast accuracy: International evidence on corporate social responsibility disclosure.Social and Environmental Accountability Journal,33(3), 180-181. (Schreck, 2013) Suliman, A. M., Al-Khatib, H. T., Thomas, S. E. (2016). Corporate Social Responsibility.Corporate Social Performance: Reflecting on the Past and Investing in the Future, 15. (Suliman, Al-Khatib Thomas, 2016) Tai, F. M., Chuang, S. H. (2014). Corporate social responsibility.Ibusiness,6(03), 117. (Tai Chuang, 2014) Takkar, K. (2015). Corporate social responsibility.International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences,5(8), 297-302. (Takkar, 2015) Tran, B. (2018). Corporate Social Responsibility. InEncyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fourth Edition(pp. 671-681). IGI Global. (Tran, 2018) Wagner, T., Lutz, R. J., Weitz, B. A. (2013, May). Corporate hypocrisy: Overcoming the threat of inconsistent corporate social responsibility perceptions. American Marketing Association. (Wagner, Lutz Weitz, 2013) Waldman, D., Jensen, E. (2016).Industrial organization: theory and practice. Routledge. (Waldman Jensen, 2016) Zentes, J., Morschett, D., Schramm-Klein, H. (2017). Corporate social responsibility. InStrategic Retail Management(pp. 207-226). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. (Zentes, Morschett Schramm-Klein, 2017)

Same Sex Marriages Essays (2482 words) - Baehr V. Miike,

Same Sex Marriages The proposed legalization of same-sex marriage is one of the most significant issues in contemporary American family law. Presently, it is one of the most vigorously advocated reforms discussed in law reviews, one of the most explosive political questions facing lawmakers, and one of the most provocative issues emerging before American courts. If same-sex marriage is legalized, it could be one of the most revolutionary policy decisions in the history of American family law. The potential consequences, positive or negative, for children, parents, same-sex couples, families, social structure public health, and the status of women are enormous. Given the importance of the issue, the value of comprehensive debate of the reasons for and against legalizing same-sex marriage should be obvious. Marriage is much more than merely a commitment to love one another. Aside from societal and religious conventions, marriage entails legally imposed financial responsibility and legally authorized financial benefits. Marriage provides automatic legal protections for the spouse, including medical visitation, succession of a deceased spouse's property, as well as pension and other rights. When two adults desire to contract in the eyes of the law, as well a perhaps promise in the eyes of the Lord and their friends and family, to be responsible for the obligations of marriage as well as to enjoy its benefits, should the law prohibit their request merely because they are of the same gender? I intend to prove that because of Article IV of the United States Constitution, there is no reason why the federal government nor any state government should restrict marriage to a predefined heterosexual relationship. Marriage has changed throughout the years. In Western law, wives are now equal rather than subordinate partners; interracial marriage is now widely accepted, both in statute and in society; and marital failure itself, rather than the fault of one partner, may be grounds for a divorce. Societal change have been felt in marriages over the past 25 years as divorce rates have increased and have been integrated into even upper class families. Proposals to legalize same-sex marriage or to enact broad domestic partnership laws are currently being promoted by gay and lesbian activists, especially in Europe and North America. The trend in western European nations during the past decade has been to increase legal aid to homosexual relations and has included marriage benefits to some same-sex couples. For example, within the past six years, three Scandinavian countries have enacted domestic partnership laws allowing same-sex couples in which at least one partner is a citizen of the specified country therefore allowing many benefits that heterosexual marriages are given. In the Netherlands, the Parliament is considering domestic partnership status for same-sex couples, all major political parties favor recognizing same-sex relations, and more than a dozen towns have already done so. Finland provides governmental social benefits to same-sex partners. Belgium allows gay prisoners the right to have conjugal visits from same-sex partners. An overwhelming majority of European nations have granted partial legal status to homosexual relationships. The European Parliament also has passed a resolution calling for equal rights for gays and lesbians. In the United States, efforts to legalize same-sex domestic partnership have had some, limited success. The Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund, Inc. reported that by mid-1995, thirty-six municipalities, eight counties, three states, five state agencies, and two federal agencies extended some benefits to, or registered for some official purposes, same-sex domestic partnerships. In 1994, the California legislature passed a domestic partnership bill that provided official state registration of same-sex couples and provided limited marital rights and privileges relating to hospital visitation, wills and estates, and powers of attorney. While California's Governor Wilson eventually vetoed the bill, its passage by the legislature represented a notable political achievement for advocates of same-sex marriage. The most significant prospects for legalizing same-sex marriage in the near future are in Hawaii, where advocates of same-sex marriage have won a major judicial victory that could lead to the judicial legalization of same-sex marriage or to legislation authorizing same-sex domestic partnership in that state. In 1993, the Hawaii Supreme Court, in Baehr v. Lewin, vacated a state circuit court judgment dismissing same-sex marriage claims and ruled that Hawaii's marriage law allowing heterosexual, but not homosexual, couples to obtain marriage licenses constitutes sex discrimination under the state constitution's Equal Protection Clause and Equal Rights Amendment. The case began in 1991 when three same-sex couples who had been denied marriage licenses by the Hawaii Department of Health brought suit in state court against the director of the department. Hawaii law required couples wishing to marry to obtain a marriage license. While the marriage license law did not explicitly prohibit same-sex marriage at that